International & Comparative Employment Relations Essay - 3

Global and Comparative Employment Relations - Essay Example 57). These methodologies effectsly affect the work norms. This paper investigations the ways to deal with managing work measures in a specific setting of Multinational enterprises (MNCs). Worldwide enterprises are business associations that work in at any rate one nation separated from their nation of origin. The paper will likewise think about the adequacy of current methodologies and their maintainability over the long haul. In light of the race to the base in labor gauges the International Labor Organization chose to concentrate on what they thought had explained as center work guidelines. This prompted a Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which characterized the major privileges of laborers to be: opportunity to relate and the option to by and large deal to be perceived; illegalization of a necessary or constrained work; nullification of underage work; and illegalization of segregation with regards to occupation and business (Weil and Mallo 2007, p. 799). Universal Labor Organization’s part states should ensure that these basic rights are advanced inside their domains. This can be said to have been the starting advance toward ensuring that the race to the base in labor norms is appropriately managed. Be that as it may, there have been a few worries with respect to the capacity of the International Labour’s capacity to impact the guideline of work gauges. Regardless of the way that the ILO is accused of the obligation of setting worldwide work measures it has been seen that these job is much of the time instructive, special, and regulating (Williams and Williams 2014, p. 123). This is on the grounds that they can just urge part states to embrace the global work principles that they propose. They can likewise be of help with regards to the execution of these labourstandards. Along these lines, it ought to be noticed that

Jurassic Park Essays (514 words) - Jurassic Park,

Jurassic Park Jurassic Park happens on an Island off the Coast of Costa Rica which is possessed by a multimillionaire, John Hammond. On this island he has set up a genetical building office which grants him and his researcher to make dinosaur from blood separated from ancient mosquitos, that have been safeguarded in golden. Before he opens this living fascination in the open he needs master to favor the recreation center. He carries them to the island and starts to give them what he has achieved. While they are visiting the island one of the software engineers, Dennis Nedry, is covertly intending to take dinosaur undeveloped organisms from the recreation center and offer them to an organization that is attempting to contend with Hammond. The main way Nedry can acquire these undeveloped organisms is to immobilize the recreation center by intruding on the parks typical capacity, with the goal that he could sneak in and take the incipient organisms. This all happens while the guests are out in the recreation center visiting, and in the fog of a horrendous tempest. After Nedry has executed an infection so as to take the undeveloped organisms the tempest hits, and the recreation center force goes out. As the force goes out the guests to the island are stuck in no place, with a got away from T-Rex. Everybody escapes and is dispersed through the recreation center. The creatures start assaulting the control building, while they are scan for food. Since all the force is out it is highly unlikely to stop them, or containing them. In the madness a researcher , Wu, finds that the dinosaurs have been mating, which they thought was preposterous, in light of the fact that they were just cloning females, yet the dinosaurs have adjusted and have figured out how to duplicate. They think they recovered the force on so they attempt to put all the creatures back in their holding territories. Much to their dismay that the entire time the recreation center was running on helper power, and once this force ran out they couldn't reestablish the principle power. At the point when all the force at long last ran out the creatures started assaulting at full power now. Their solitary choice to get the force reestablished is to have somebody physically turn on another assistant force generator so they could get the primary force running once more. The guests and the staff of Jurassic Park escape yet with two setbacks. They escape by having a helicopter get them. After the get the Costa Rican government bomb the island so as to annihilate it. As indicated by the book hereditary cloning can be cultivated by acquiring only a limited quantity of blood. May this sort of cloning be conceivable, in actuality, the truth will surface eventually, and the progressions in innovation it ought to be a thing of things to come. The way that this kind of thing may be done, is thin simply because of threats of upsetting the characteristic progression of things. In the book the best wonder they found pivoted and caused them extraordinary catastrophe. In the event that humanity does attempt to bring back the dinosaurs will the equivalent occur? Book index the book

5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill

5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill 5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill 5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi BillHome wifi is pretty much necessary these days, but that doesnt mean you have to pay through the nose in order to enjoy it!In just 20 years, wireless in-home internet has gone from a rarity to basically everywhere. Great! Yet another bill you have to pay every month!Of course, you could just not have home wifi, sure. Sure, and you could also drive to work on a whale-oil-powered penny-farthing bicycle. It’s just not gonna happen!Instead, you should focus your efforts on cutting down the cost of your home wifi. Here are some great tips from real industry and personal finance experts to help you save money on your wifi bill.1. Don’t rent a modem; buy one.When signing up for a new wireless internet provider, buy compatible equipment to fit your needs,” said consumer spending expert Ben Huber (@vtgrad2010) of  DollarSprout.com  (@dollarsproutblog). “Companies will often lease modems or routers for a monthly feeâ€"and those fees can be dec eptively steep.”If you’re worried about buying a modem that won’t be compatible with your wireless provider, don’t worry. “Nearly all internet providers will include a list of compatible devices somewhere on their website, or within their terms of use,” said Huber.2. Negotiate.  One of the best ways to save money on anything is to try and negotiate a lower billâ€"and wireless internet is no exception. “Some of the smaller players in the ISP industry may be willing to actively negotiate your monthly payment as they fight for market share among internet consumers,” said Huber.He even recommended a good negotiating tactic: “If you express interest in a lower bill, or leverage your ability switch to a different provider, you may find that certain companies will be quick to walk back the price of your monthly bill.”And if you’re not the world’s greatest negotiator, you could always let someone else negotiate on your behalf! Personal finance blogger Marc Andre of   VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar) recommended services like Trim and BillCutterz that work to negotiate your bill for you.“If they are able to lower your bill, they will keep a percentage of the saving. If they cant lower your bill, you pay nothing. Its possibly the easiest way to save,” he said. Sure, you’ll save more if you’re able to negotiate your bill down on your own, but smaller savings are better than none at all!3. Monitor your data usage.“If you purchase a pay-as-you-go plan (or an unlimited plan) this may not affect you as much, cautioned Huber, “But if youre one of the millions of Americans who fall into tiered data plans, theres a good chance youre paying for more data than youre actually using.”And, as it turns out, one of the best ways to less for something is to simply use less of it.“Major ISPs (internet service providers) will provide usage statistics, both on your bill and their respective online dashboards, which can help you adjust your plan needs accordingly,” said Huber.For folks who keep their internet usage pretty light, Andre recommended FreedomPop, which offers free mobile phone and high-speed internet service. “The free plan is limited to 500 MB per month, but if you dont use the internet a lot it can be a great option,” he said.4. Compare prices.This is another piece of advice that applies across the board. The more you shop around with any  kind of major purchase, the more likely you are to find the most affordable option. Getting a solid grasp on what service providers cover your area and what kinds of prices theyre charging will not only help you find the best dealâ€"it can also help you negotiate.To aid you in the search, you could use a free online comparison engine like  Wirefly.com (@Wirefly), which helps people shop for the best price on monthly services like internet and cell service, insurance plans, cable, etc. According  to Wirefly President Logan Abbot, the average Wirefly user saves 30 percent on t heir wireless bill by switching their plan to another provider.5. Play the long game.  When deciding on a wireless provider, you have to look beyond the short-term. A given wifi plan could end up saving you money now but costing you an arm and a leg down the road.Short term promotions can be incredibly enticing when it comes to signing up for a new internet service provider, but as the Latin phrase caveat emptor suggests, let the buyer beware,” said Huber.“After promo terms end, consumers often quickly realize the astronomically inflated new cost of conducting business with their internet provider. Rates can skyrocket 100 percent or more in the immediate month following the end of your promo rate, and that is a hard pill to swallow when there are limited options in your area.”So what happens if your rates all of a sudden go up? See tip #2 for more details.What are you going to do with that money you save?Once you’ve successfully secured a lower rate on your wireless bill, yo u should make sure that extra money doesn’t go to waste. Even if you use that money to splurge on an extra special dinner or date night, at least you’d be using it for something instead of just frittering it away.Here’s our suggestion: Use it to build up a $1,000 emergency fund to help cover surprise expenses. That way, you won’t have to rely on predatory bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans) when an unexpected medical expense or car bill rears its ugly head.For more great money-saving tips, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapHow to Save Money on GasThe Broke Person’s Guide to Dating50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your BirthdayWhat are your best strategies for lowering your wifi bill?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsLogan Abbott is an Internet entrepreneur, tech, and personal finance expert. Logan is the President of  Wirefly.com (@Wirefly), the leading smartphone and cell phone comparison site on the web. Wirefly features a comparison shopping engine for mobile phones, cell phone plans, phone service, Internet, insurance, banking, and more, which helps the average Wirefly user save 30% by switching services. In his spare time, Logan enjoys reading, coding, kitesurfing, and gaming.Marc Andre is a personal finance blogger at  VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar), where he writes about saving money, managing money, and ways to make more money. His goal with Vital Dollar is to help individuals and families get the most out of the money they have and to reach their full financial potential. He lives in Pennsylvania with his wife and their two kids (a son and a daughter).Ben Huber is a  personal finance writer at, and the co-owner of, DollarSprout.com (@dollarsproutblog), a leading resource in helping millennials make and manage financial decisions. A consumer spending and behavioral eco nomics expert, he helps young adults make the most of their hard earned money. When he isnt writing or attending Pittsburgh Penguins hockey games, hes almost certainly at the gym lifting weights and trying to impress strangers. You can follow him on Twitter @vtgrad2010 for more money-saving tips.

Low Paying Jobs - 1700 Words

Novenka Gregoire 12/06/12 Based on the essay â€Å"Selling and Minnesota† I believe that low paying jobs have a negative effect on a person’s personality. In addition, I think that low paying job is an opportunity, on the other hand a barrier of achieving success and a finer future. Mostly, low paying jobs is an opportunity for teenagers. In the U.S, teenagers could start working at the age sixteen, so I think it’s really fantastic that you don’t need to depend on your parents for everything, and you can even help them financially. At the same time, low paying jobs could be a burden, it could stop you from accomplishing your dreams and goals, and also from a successful life. I believe that low paying jobs have a negative effect on†¦show more content†¦First they changed her shift hours without knowing, it seems there’s a lack of respect and communications between the managers and the employees. She seems very depressed when she says: â€Å"But then somewhere around 6:00 or 7:00, when the desire to sit down becomes a serious craving, a Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde transformation sets in†. It means that she hates the fact that she’s suffering to sit down and it’s just feels like a torture. And she continues: â€Å"I cannot ignore the fact that it’s the customer’s sloppiness and idle whims that make me bend and crouch and run. They are the shoppers, I am the antishopper, whose goal is to make it look as if they’d never been in the store. At this point â€Å"aggressive hospitality â€Å"gives way to aggressive hostility†. She was complaining about the customers, and starting to have a feeling of re sentment toward the customers. Many teenagers with or without a high school diploma are mistaken, they usually think they can depend on these types of jobs in the future, some don’t even go to school because they have a full-time job and they only making $200 per week. They believe this job could provide with all theirs needs in the future. Based on Barbara‘s experience, it shows that they are making a huge mistake, not only they will have a miserable job for the rest of their life, but from what I believe, it will stop them from having a better future .For instance, My best friend, Monique graduated from high school with a diploma . She started goingShow MoreRelatedThe Lives Of Minimum Wage Workers1427 Words   |  6 PagesAs an investigative approach to study the lives of minimum wage workers, journalist Barbara Ehrenreich conducted this research by assuming multiple low paid positions herself. Her essential goal for this study was to determine how low paid workers survive on their income. She beg an her adjustment to the working class lifestyle by establishing regulations for herself to eliminate any advantages from her real life that could alleviate her throughout the process. In doing so, she abandoned all of theRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Minimum Wage1568 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion people who work in jobs that pay poverty wages and provide few if any benefits (Low, 2015). The lowest income bracket has been getting increasingly poorer and since 1968, the real value of the minimum wage has progressively declined (Dietrich, 2004). Most low-wage employers do not offer health insurance to their employees and if they do, premiums are too high for employees to afford. Sick pay and retirement benefits are not likely to exist in these types of jobs. Due to a lack of trainingRead MoreSocial Welfare Vs. The Market958 Words   |  4 Pageseveryday life.† Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Low income is defined as working families who earning twice as less as the federal poverty line. â€Å"The Studies have shown that poverty in the United States is by far one of the biggest issues in the country.† Poverty in the United States, Social Welfare vs the Market - (2011, May) According to the national center for children in poverty† more than 16 million children are living in low-income or poverty in the United States. Twenty-two percentRead More Nickel and Dimed On (not) Getting By in America by Ehrenreich1351 Words   |  6 PagesNickel and Dimed On (not) Getting By in America by Ehrenreich In the book Nickel and Dimed On (not) Getting By in America the author Ehrenreich, goes under cover as a minimum wage worker. Ehrenreich’s primary reason for seriptiously getting low paying jobs is to see if she can â€Å"match income to expenses as the truly poor attempt to do everyday.†(Ehrenreich 6) Also Ehrenreich makes it extremely clear that her work was not designed to make her â€Å"experience poverty.†(6) After completing the assignmentRead MoreThe American Dream By Lorraine Hansberry1570 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite having numerous jobs, and a descendant living space. Being African American in the 1950’s made it difficult for the family to move up in class to achieve the American Dream. In â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry, the Younger’s cannot fully achieve the American Dream due to societal obstacles they experience based on their race when trying to obtain a good paying job, buying a house and receiving an educati on. For the Younger family, having a good paying job is a part of theirRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Increased1669 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is not intended to be a livable wage. It is intended to be a starter wage that people are supposed to work their way out of. These are the jobs where people are supposed to gain experiences from working in the work force. It is a training wage that gives teenagers and young adults the necessary job skills to earn a higher wage paying job in the future. Increasing the minimum wage would have a bad impact on students because businesses will not pay unskilled workers to work part time forRead MoreBarbara Ehrenreichs Struggle to Live the Life of a Low Income Worker1089 Words   |  5 PagesBarbara Ehrenreich s Struggle to Live the Life of a Low Income Worker In the novel Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehnreich, there are many hurtles she must overcome to experience the life of a low income worker. She sets some ground rules for herself, such as always having a car, and starting out with a certain amount of money for her down payment on an apartment. Although the rules are doable, she admits that she broke all of the rules at least once. Even though Barbara didn t hold to herRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1686 Words   |  7 Pagespoorly paid jobs;women have to take care of children; and women can t manage to take on a full time job. This reasons hide the true cause of the pay gap which is sexism. One main reason the difference in wages between gender is still an issue is because women tend to pick â€Å"pink-collar† jobs. These include, nursing, teaching, assistant, and caregiver but few engineers, scientist, managers and technicians(Carnevale,2014).This makes the difference in wages because the women has a job that is notRead MoreBarbara Ehrenreichs Nickel and Dimed Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesBarbara Ehrenreichs Nickel and Dimed In the novel Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehnreich, there are many hurtles she must overcome to experience the life of a low income worker. She sets some ground rules for herself, such as always having a car, and starting out with a certain amount of money for her down payment on an apartment. Although the rules are doable, she admits that she broke all of the rules at least once. Even though Barbara didnt hold to her original plan, she was still able toRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1460 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduates are either unemployed or are working in minimum wage jobs. Imagine being highly educated and working in a job that does not even require a college degree. Traditionally a safeguard for unemployment, a college degree does no longer guarantee employment much more a gainful one. Since the Great Recession and the slow recovery of the labor market, there have been various reports about recent college graduates who are unsuccessful at finding jobs that are appropria te for their level of education. There

5 Things to Do the Day of the Test

Effective Hr Training Free Essays

EFFECTIVE HR TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. EVALUATION OF TRAINING MCQ’S. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Hr Training or any similar topic only for you Order Now DISNEY UNIVERSITY IS NOT A CAMPUS BUT A †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. PROCESS FOR TRAINING ALL EMPLOYEES OF THIS ENTERPRISE ? a. PROCESS. b. EXAMPLE c. PROGRAMME d. ALL OF THE ABOVE. 2. PROFESSIONAL FACILITORS LEAD ONLY. a. CONTENT, PRESENTATION. SESSIONb. HIGH LEVEL SESSION c. TECHNICAL ; EXECUTIVE SESSIONd. NONE OF THE ABOVE. 3. THE ATRITION RATE AT DISNEY IS ONLY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. PERCENT COMPARED WITH 60 PERCENT. a. 15b. 20 c. 25 d. 10 4. Related article: KFC – Training and Development Problems Encountered by HRM Students THE FIRST PART OF RPOGRAMME INVOLVES TRAINING OR RETRAINING IN QUALITY FINANCE, AND OTHER AREAS. a. TRUE b. FALSE 5. ONCE THE TRAINING IS COMPLETED THE TEAMS BECOME RESPOSIBLE FOR THEIR †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. OWN DEVELOPEMENTb. ORGANISATIONS DEVELOPEMENT c. TRAINEES DEVELOPEMENTd. ALL OF THE ABOVE. 6. EACH EMPLOYEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING HIS OR HER OWN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN a. TURE b. FALSE. 7. THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES THAT ARE MANAGED BY INDIVIDUALS THAT WENT THROUGH THE APPRAISAL a. TURE b. FALSE 8. REACTION IS DEFINE AS. a. WHAT THE TRAINEES THOUGHT ABOUT PRAGRAM. . TARINERS TEACHING SKILL. c. NON OF THE ABOVE 9. MOST TRAINERS BELIVES THAT INITIAL RECEPTIVITY PROVIDES A GOOD ATMOSPHERE FOR LEARNING THE MATERIAL IN THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM BUTDOES NOT NECESSERILY CAUSE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. MANAGEMENT OF STRESSb. INNOVATION, MANAGEMENT OF STRESS c. HIGH LEVEL OF TRAININGd. NONE OF THE AOVE 10. THE LEARNING OF †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. SHOULD BE USED SO THAT QUANTITIVE RESULT CAN BE DETERMINED . a. ALL PARTICIPANT b. TWO PARTICIPANTS c. EACH PARTICIPANT d. ALL OF THE ABOVE 11. AS FAR AS POSSIBLE THE LEARNING SHOULD BE MEASURED ON AN SUBJECTIVE BASIS a. TURE b. FALSE 12. WHERE PRINCIPLES AND FACT ARE TAUGHT RATHER THAN SKILLS, IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE LEARNING. a. TURE b. FALSE 13. THE MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES IS THE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦TEST a. PROJECTORb. PEN AND PENCIL c. CLASSROOMd. NONE OF THE ABOVE. 14. IT IS DIFFICULT TO DO AND HARD TO PROVE THAT TRAINING WAS THE ‘CAUSE’ OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT. a. TURE b. FALSE 15. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IS THE CONCEPT THAT MEANS THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN EVALUATION TECHNIQUE OR INSTRUMENT MEASURES WHAT IT WAS INTENDED TO MEASURE. a. RELIABILITYb. LEARNING c. VALIDITYd. NONE OF THE ABOVE How to cite Effective Hr Training, Essay examples

Effective Hr Training Free Essays

EFFECTIVE HR TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. EVALUATION OF TRAINING MCQ’S. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Hr Training or any similar topic only for you Order Now DISNEY UNIVERSITY IS NOT A CAMPUS BUT A †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. PROCESS FOR TRAINING ALL EMPLOYEES OF THIS ENTERPRISE ? a. PROCESS. b. EXAMPLE c. PROGRAMME d. ALL OF THE ABOVE. 2. PROFESSIONAL FACILITORS LEAD ONLY. a. CONTENT, PRESENTATION. SESSIONb. HIGH LEVEL SESSION c. TECHNICAL ; EXECUTIVE SESSIONd. NONE OF THE ABOVE. 3. THE ATRITION RATE AT DISNEY IS ONLY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. PERCENT COMPARED WITH 60 PERCENT. a. 15b. 20 c. 25 d. 10 4. Related article: KFC – Training and Development Problems Encountered by HRM Students THE FIRST PART OF RPOGRAMME INVOLVES TRAINING OR RETRAINING IN QUALITY FINANCE, AND OTHER AREAS. a. TRUE b. FALSE 5. ONCE THE TRAINING IS COMPLETED THE TEAMS BECOME RESPOSIBLE FOR THEIR †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. OWN DEVELOPEMENTb. ORGANISATIONS DEVELOPEMENT c. TRAINEES DEVELOPEMENTd. ALL OF THE ABOVE. 6. EACH EMPLOYEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING HIS OR HER OWN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN a. TURE b. FALSE. 7. THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES THAT ARE MANAGED BY INDIVIDUALS THAT WENT THROUGH THE APPRAISAL a. TURE b. FALSE 8. REACTION IS DEFINE AS. a. WHAT THE TRAINEES THOUGHT ABOUT PRAGRAM. . TARINERS TEACHING SKILL. c. NON OF THE ABOVE 9. MOST TRAINERS BELIVES THAT INITIAL RECEPTIVITY PROVIDES A GOOD ATMOSPHERE FOR LEARNING THE MATERIAL IN THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM BUTDOES NOT NECESSERILY CAUSE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. MANAGEMENT OF STRESSb. INNOVATION, MANAGEMENT OF STRESS c. HIGH LEVEL OF TRAININGd. NONE OF THE AOVE 10. THE LEARNING OF †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. SHOULD BE USED SO THAT QUANTITIVE RESULT CAN BE DETERMINED . a. ALL PARTICIPANT b. TWO PARTICIPANTS c. EACH PARTICIPANT d. ALL OF THE ABOVE 11. AS FAR AS POSSIBLE THE LEARNING SHOULD BE MEASURED ON AN SUBJECTIVE BASIS a. TURE b. FALSE 12. WHERE PRINCIPLES AND FACT ARE TAUGHT RATHER THAN SKILLS, IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE LEARNING. a. TURE b. FALSE 13. THE MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES IS THE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦TEST a. PROJECTORb. PEN AND PENCIL c. CLASSROOMd. NONE OF THE ABOVE. 14. IT IS DIFFICULT TO DO AND HARD TO PROVE THAT TRAINING WAS THE ‘CAUSE’ OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT. a. TURE b. FALSE 15. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IS THE CONCEPT THAT MEANS THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN EVALUATION TECHNIQUE OR INSTRUMENT MEASURES WHAT IT WAS INTENDED TO MEASURE. a. RELIABILITYb. LEARNING c. VALIDITYd. NONE OF THE ABOVE How to cite Effective Hr Training, Essay examples

Railway Reservation free essay sample

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really wants to stand against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying â€Å"to err is human† no longer valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring about the best result without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer. One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent in atomization various organizations.Many software products working are now in markets, which have helped in making the organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now software product on this organization has made their work faster and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer and work can be done. We will write a custom essay sample on Railway Reservation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking the button.

Hemingways Paris And The American Exodus Essays - Ernest Hemingway

Hemingways Paris And The American Exodus Essays - Ernest Hemingway Hemingway's Paris and the american exodus You are the lost generation, said Gertrude Stein, the woman that knew them well. You could see them sitting in the cafes all day long, busy drinking and socializing, or boxing in the gym, playing tennis. Ernest Hemingway was one of them, one of the many american expatriots that came to Paris in the 1920's. They were mostly writers, some artists, all reunited on the left bank, all in search of happiness and inspiration. Hemingway put his sejour in Paris into words and wrote The Sun also Rises, the book that made him famous and launched hisd career as a prominent novelist. This essay is about Hemingway's Paris and about the city he painted in his books; it is a look at the way he incorporated his own feelings for the place into his litterature and made a great city even greater. America has no souvereign, no personnal loyalty, no aristocracy, no country gentlmen, no palaces, no manors, nor ivied ruins, nor cathedrals, nor little Normand churches ...Paris was a magical millieu that appreciated my stories . After the first world war, the young generation was highly depressed, the war wasn't the heroic quest every youngster dreamt about, but killings and suffering and savagery. America has turned their backs on them and became much more orthodox, with the return of traditional bourgois values. Ans so they decided to exile, artists like Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, John Fitzgerald, maxdor Ford, Sylvia Beach, Robert McAlmon, etc. They were after the discovery of the Europeean culture and Paris was the most international, open, cultural city of them all, where the imagination could roam free and where the writers were appreciated. Paris welcomed them with open hands and a cheap lifestyle. The writers embraced the French culture, the french took it even for granted and with their lifestyle made out of Paris a very lighted place. They didn't mix with the French lot a lot, prefering the stay in the American club and the multicultural left bank. ...when they [Ernest with his wife] arrived in Paris the city was cold, damp, crowded, jolly and beautifull. ... But Paris was a very old city and we were young and nothing was simple there... Ernest arrived in december of 1921, as a young novelist for the Toronto Star, and moved into an appartment, rue Jacob. His wife, Hardly Richardson, was known to him since his childhood and incarnated his best teenage years. He came with an open heart, ready to absorb new experiences, totally in love and very, very happy. He was greeted with a city that welcomed all artists, living together in deep, sometimes nonchalent friendship and a dynamic way of life. The love between him and Paris was complete and everlasting. In that city he spend the best years of his life, in love head over feet, living a bohemic way of life in the gaiest city on earth and crearting books that launched his carreer. It is no coincidence that Hemingway, 40 years after living in the city, wrote A Moving Feast, piece of writing that elevates Paris to quasi spiritual location. Despite that, people that knew him well say that he didn't lead such a bohemic life that legend made, but was seen much more in li! braries reading or in cafes writing then socializing. We ate well and cheaply and drank well and cheaply and slept well and warm together and loved each other. Ernest wrote The Sun Also Rises in 1926, it became an instant classic and launched his carrer. The book is in large part autobiography, characters in The Sun ressemble closely Hemingway and his friends. It was written about one year after the events described in the book passed and some critics say that this short interval gives the book the much appreciated freshness. However, Samuel Putnam says that the book "marks the point of clevage between the earlier and latter bath of exiles". The thing is that befor the middle of the 20's, expatriots in Paris, having seen the suffering of the war, came to Paris as rebels, seeking artistic and spiritual freedom. After The Sun Also Rises, Americans coming to Paris came for the Party, for

Chart of the U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents

Chart of the U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents The first line of Article II Section 1 of the US Constitution states, The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. With these words, the office of the president was established. Since 1789 and the election of George Washington, Americas first president, 44 individuals have served as the Chief Executive of the United States. However, Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms which means that the next president of the United States will be number 46. The unamended Constitution mandated that a president would serve for four years. However, nowhere did it state if there was to be a limit on the number of terms to which they could be elected. However, President Washington set a precedent of only serving two terms which was followed until November 5, 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt was elected for a third term. He would go on to win a fourth before dying in office. The twenty-second amendment was passed soon afterward that would limit presidents to only serving two terms or ten years.   This chart includes the names of all presidents of the United States, as well as links to their biographies. Also included are the names of their vicepresidents, their political party and terms in office. You might also be interested in reading about what presidents are on the bills  of US currency.   Chart of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents PRESIDENT VICE-PRESIDENT POLITICAL PARTY TERM George Washington John Adams No Party Designation 1789-1797 John Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson Aaron BurrGeorge Clinton Democratic-Republican 1801-1809 James Madison George ClintonElbridge Gerry Democratic-Republican 1809-1817 James Monroe Daniel D Tompkins Democratic-Republican 1817-1825 John Quincy Adams John C Calhoun Democratic-Republican 1825-1829 Andrew Jackson John C CalhounMartin Van Buren Democratic 1829-1837 Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson Democratic 1837-1841 William Henry Harrison John Tyler Whig 1841 John Tyler None Whig 1841-1845 James Knox Polk George M Dallas Democratic 1845-1849 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Whig 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore None Whig 1850-1853 Franklin Pierce William R King Democratic 1853-1857 James Buchanan John C Breckinridge Democratic 1857-1861 Abraham Lincoln Hannibel HamlinAndrew Johnson Union 1861-1865 Andrew Johnson None Union 1865-1869 Ulysses Simpson Grant Schuyler ColfaxHenry Wilson Republican 1869-1877 Rutherford Birchard Hayes William A Wheeler Republican 1877-1881 James Abram Garfield Chester Alan Arthur Republican 1881 Chester Alan Arthur None Republican 1881-1885 Stephen Grover Cleveland Thomas Hendricks Democratic 1885-1889 Benjamin Harrison Levi P Morton Republican 1889-1893 Stephen Grover Cleveland Adlai E Stevenson Democratic 1893-1897 William McKinley Garret A. HobartTheodore Roosevelt Republican 1897-1901 Theodore Roosevelt Charles W Fairbanks Republican 1901-1909 William Howard Taft James S Sherman Republican 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R Marshall Democratic 1913-1921 Warren Gamaliel Harding Calvin Coolidge Republican 1921-1923 Calvin Coolidge Charles G Dawes Republican 1923-1929 Herbert Clark Hoover Charles Curtis Republican 1929-1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt John Nance GarnerHenry A. WallaceHarry S. Truman Democratic 1933-1945 Harry S. Truman Alben W Barkley Democratic 1945-1953 Dwight David Eisenhower Richard Milhous Nixon Republican 1953-1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Lyndon Baines Johnson Democratic 1961-1963 Lyndon Baines Johnson Hubert Horatio Humphrey Democratic 1963-1969 Richard Milhous Nixon Spiro T. AgnewGerald Rudolph Ford Republican 1969-1974 Gerald Rudolph Ford Nelson Rockefeller Republican 1974-1977 James Earl Carter, Jr. Walter Mondale Democratic 1977-1981 Ronald Wilson Reagan George Herbert Walker Bush Republican 1981-1989 George Herbert Walker Bush J. Danforth Quayle Republican 1989-1993 William Jefferson Clinton Albert Gore, Jr. Democratic 1993-2001 George Walker Bush Richard Cheney Republican 2001-2009 Barack Obama Joe Biden Democratic 2009-2017 Donald Trump Mike Pence Republican 2017 -

Employee Dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Dismissal - Essay Example It the employer is still not satisfied with the employees' performance or conduct he then dismisses the employee or he could even opt for other sanctions. The employee is then allowed to make an appeal if at all he wishes against the disciplinary action that has been taken against him and the employer listens to all the appeals and further gives his final decision. (Honeyball 2006) According to the legislation the employees have a right to receive free, fair and just treatment from their employers. Thus when it comes to dismissing an employee the employer should handle the issue procedurally and in an acceptable manner. The employer needs to also have a valid reason for dismissing an employee. (Deakin and Morris, 2005) There comes a point in an organisation when it becomes really necessary to release an employee as a result of a disciplinary action or even because of an employee's redundancy. However whatever the reason that could be behind the dismissal of an employee there are general requirements as well as legislative procedures that should be followed so as to make the whole dismissal process free and fair. Similarly the decision making process in dismissing an employee should be very professional and there are some guidelines which are to be followed. (Honeyball 2006) If all the avenues have been explored and there is a v... Similarly the decision making process in dismissing an employee should be very professional and there are some guidelines which are to be followed. (Honeyball 2006) Steps employer must take in order to dismiss an employee fairly If all the avenues have been explored and there is a very serious damage that is being done on the businesses as well as the workplace threw may lack any other viable option than dismissing the employee. The reasons behind dismissing an employee should be fair and also legal and three of these reasons could be applied potentially. 1. The employee's capability. If an employees' capability is affected by either sickness or even accident and they are unable to carry out their delegated duties thus affecting the proper functioning of the organisation, then they can be dismissed by an employer. If an employee is dismissal could be termed as fair if it is based on their capability or even their qualifications to perform the expected duties in an organisation. 2. The employee's misconduct. If an employee misbehaves in the work place then this could be proper grounds for his dismissal after proper investigations have been conducted. Similarly if an employee's conduct is not in line with the organisations code of conduct then this could also be a fair ground for the employee to be dismissed. 3. Other substantial reasons. Other substantial reasons could be considered to be fair enough in the dismissal of an employee by an employer. If an employers reason for dismissing an employee is substantial and it can be validated then the dismissal could be termed as being just and also fair. 4. Retirement. If an employee is dismissed based on their retirement schedule then this is considered to be a fair dismissal since the employees retirement

See 'Assignment Criteria' below Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See 'Assignment Criteria' below - Case Study Example The United Kingdom had not implemented this Directive by the required date but the Minister of Health, had issued a statement in the House of Commons to the effect that the United Kingdom's existing legislation, in respect of occupational injuries was fully compliant with this Directive. However, the legislation provides a remedy only to those employees who had been working, for the same employer for at least three years. The Health and Safety Regulations 19921 states that a business employing staff who have to work on computers for a long time, is duty bound to, first, assess and reduce risks. Some of these risks are aches and pains in the upper limbs, known as repetitive strain injury or RSI and headaches and stress. In order to mitigate the deleterious effect of this type of work, it is imperative that a correct posture has to be adopted for computer use and persons working on computers have to take regular breaks from looking at the screen. Further, it has to be ensured that workstations meet the minimum requirements, namely the provision of adjustable chairs and non-glare lighting. This also includes the general work environment issues such as congestion in the office. Commensurate with the intensity of the work, recesses from work have to be planned and implemented. During these breaks, employees should be permitted to stop using the computer. Such employers have to provide either free or reimbursable ophthalmologic tests to their employees. If special spectacles are prescribed for use while doing the job, then the employer must pay for such spectacles. In addition to this employers have to provide health and safety information and training to their employees, who should know how to use their workstations correctly.2 The EEC Treaty - Article 118a states that the Member States should pay particular attention to encouraging improvements. This is to be especially enforced in the working environment giving special emphasis to the health and safety of workers. Further, the Member States' objective should be the harmonization of conditions, with due attention being given to maintaining the improvements already made. In order to help achieve this objective the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, in cooperation with the European Parliament and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee, should adopt, by means of directives, minimum requirements for gradual implementation, taking into consideration the conditions and technical rules obtaining in each of the Member States. The provisions adopted pursuant to this Article should not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent measures, which are formulated for the express purpose of p rotecting the working conditions of workers, compatible with this Treaty. Employees on fixed term contracts should be treated as favorably as permanent workers are. There are two sets of regulations required to implement the EC Fixed Term Work Directive 1999/70/EC (the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 and the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2002). The basic idea of the new fixed term work regulations is to make it unlawful to treat a fixed-term employee less favourably than a comparable non-fixed term employee engaged in similar work

Population Genetics (Molecular Epidemiology) of Eukaryotes

Population Genetics (Molecular Epidemiology) of Eukaryotes INTRODUCTION The study of the molecular epidemiology of parasitic infections and their vectors is meant to answer the same kinds of questions as those of bacterial or viral infections. As with bacteria, the molecular epidemiology of eukaryotic infections follows the distribution and dynamics of microbial DNA. The key difference, however, is precisely this biology, which defines a distinct approach to molecular epidemiologic investigation of infections caused by eukaryotic organisms. In bacterial reproduction, each individual passes down an identical copy of all the DNA to the next generation. Some eukaryotic pathogens behave reproductively in similar ways to bacteria and reproduce asexually, while others have sexual reproduction for at least part of their life-cycle. The individual is able to generate a clone of itself by binary fission to produce two identical organisms, and if successful, will produce large numbers to the detriment of its host. Asexually reproducing organisms can also exhibit p romiscuous horizontal gene transfer, which can be a major source of variation and adaptation (19), but this is not sex. Sex is the biologically necessary programmed recombination (crossing over) and random shuffling (reassortment) of chromosomal DNA in the process of reproduction. This results in an enormous reservoir of variation. Bacteria in nature are heterogenous conglomerates or communities (13, 19), but when they cause disease, especially in epidemics, it is generally a clone that is responsible and that we track (Chapter 2). Sexual reproduction in some protozoa, many parasitic worms and most vectors, however, never results in a clone with the exception of identical twins. There is genetic conservation, however, within a group of organisms that tends to breed together. In genetics, this is the working definition of a population. For sexually reproducing organisms, the population is the epidemiologic unit to track. Within the group, allele frequencies and thus traits are conser ved under well-defined conditions. The unique power of the genetics of populations is that it reflects not only present individuals but also the populations past and the future potential for subsequent generations (5). Many parasites exhibit both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction, but these life stages are distributed in different hosts. Treatment of their molecular epidemiology is doubly complex, but can be simplified for some questions by considering their biology just in the human host. The whole field of population genetics is perhaps the most complex area of genetics, but it arises from simple precepts. This chapter will outline the basic models used in population genetics and are directly applicable to problems of public health epidemiology. KEY POINTS Asexual reproduction usually produces a clone; sexual reproduction never does. A population is a group of organisms that tends to breed together Allele and genotype frequencies describe populations Allele frequencies and traits tend to be maintained within groups of interbreeding organisms (derived from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) Allele and genotype frequencies can be used to infer population histories Indices and statistics can be used to compare assess population history and to project population dynamics DEFINING GENOTYPE IN EUKARYOTIC ORGANISM   Ã‚   Some terms may not be familiar to some readers, so it is important to define these early. One of the dividing lines between bacteria and sexually reproducing parasites and vectors of human disease is their physical structure and organization. Sexually reproducing organisms will pass some portion of their life cycle where their chromosomes (Figure 5.1) exist as nearly identical pairs (diploid). Some organisms, malaria in particular, also have only one copy (haploid) during their asexual stage, and this is the stage that infects humans. A similar location on each of the chormosomes is a locus, and differences between loci are alleles. The geometry of DNA also strongly differentiates bacteria from eukaryotes (Figure 5.2). Prokaryotes have a single[1], circular chromosome whereas even the simplest eukaryotes, yeast, have at least 16 linear chromosomes. A specific marker on a bacterial chromosome will always be transmitted at reproduction together with any other marker or trait. The same also occurs with an asexually reproducing eukaryote despite having multiple linear chromosomes. A marker on the genome of a sexually reproducing eukaryote, by contrast, will have a 50% chance of being transmitted away from any marker it is not very close to. The labeling of each allele present at the same locus on each chromosome constitutes the genotype. A locus with the same polymorphism at the same site on each of the chromosome is homozygous, and with a different polymorphism is heterozygous. Figure 5.2 OPTIONS FOR MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EUKARYOTES Study asexual parasites Use a marker close to the trait of interest (if known) Use many markers throughout the genome or sequence Study the whole group of organisms in which the trait is present (population) HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM: THE POPULATION NULL HYPOTHESIS Populations have a mathematical definition based on allele frequencies, which ultimately contributes to the development of tools for key measures of differentiation and diversity. Allele frequencies can differentiate populations, and genotypic frequencies can do so with even greater resolution. The relationship between allelic frequency and genotypic frequency has a simple mathematical relationship which is the definition of a population. If we use the letters A and a to represent different alleles at a single diallelic locus and p and q to represent their respective frequencies, a population with p=0.8 and q=0.2 is clearly different from a population where p=0.2, q=0.8, especially where this kind of result is found at multiple loci. Allele frequencies are not always the most sensitive measure of differentiation. The same allele frequency may still be found in what are clearly distinct populations if assessed for genotypic frequencies. Alleles combine to form genotypes, so the genoty pic frequency is a function of the allelic frequencies. For a diallelic locus where we know the frequency of each allele, the sum of these frequencies is 1 or (p + q = 1). For sexually reproducing organisms the next generation arises from the combination of alleles from a pool of males with alleles from a pool of females. If we imagine that individuals from these pools will pair at random, the subsequent distribution of alleles in genotypes is equivalent to rolling a pair of dice. For independent, random events the probability of 2 events occurring simultaneously is the product of their frequencies [(p + q)female à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (p + q)male = 1]. The genotypic frequencies of the offspring for such a population should be p2 + 2pq + q2, if all assumptions are met, where p2 and q2 are the frequencies for the homozygotes and 2pq the heterozygotes. This is the well-known Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). This simple quadratic equation is the basis for all population genetics even when it is not measured directly. It represents the expected genotypic frequencies from a given set of allelic frequencies. It is one of the most stable mathematical relationships in nature. It is so much the expectation that when not observed in sequencing projects, it can suggest sequencing errors. It is the null hypothesis and mathematical definition of a stable population. The relationship HWE describes is true under a set of 5-10 assumptions that represent the most important factors that influence population genetic structure. The 5 most common assumptions are that there is: 1) Random mating (panmixia, assortative mating) 2) No selection 3) No migration 4) An infinite population 5) No mutation It is rare to have any of these assumptions met in nature, but the proportions are so resilient that the assumptions have to be severely violated to disturb this relationship, and even so, the proportions will be reestablished within 1-2 generations once the population is stabilized. As with most models, the underlying assumptions are the most important aspects. They are the basis for most conversations in population genetics. MARKERS Microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and sequencing are currently the genetic elements most employed in population genetics. Microsatellites are short tandem repeats of 2-8 nucleotides (reviewed in [Ellegren, 2004 #128]).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Microsatellites have fallen out of favor in studies of statistical genetics or gene finding, since SNPs and sequencing provide better resolution at the level of individuals. Microsatellites, however, remain important in population genetics since they are mostly neutral for selection and have higher allelic richness and information content. Their rapid mutation rate (10-2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ 10-5 per generation) and step-wise mode of mutation can limit their application to questions that extend over short time scales and to certain statistical approaches. SNPs have lower rates of mutation (10-8) in eukaryotes, often are diallelic, are ten times more abundant (10, 22) and have high processivity and scorability. Sequencing essentiall y provides a very dense panel of SNPs and identifies rare variants as well as structural polymorphisms. Mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA markers are much less abundant, less polymorphic and thus less informative than microsatellites or SNPs. Some are under selection and in the case of mitochondrial DNA, the genome is haploid (only 1 copy of chromosomal DNA) and may or may not have sex-specific inheritance depending on the species. They are useful for phylogeny studies, may be more economical to use in laboratories with limited capabilities and are sometimes combined with other markers. MEASURES OF DIFFERENTIATION AND DIVERSITY Areas most often addressed using population genetics are evolution and conservation. These two areas deal with essentially the same phenomenon, but at different time scales, thus the questions, the approaches and the interpretation will differ depending on the nature of the problem. The relevant public health questions in population genetics focus on identity and dynamics of the group rather than individuals over short time scales and directed at the control or extinction of a parasite or vector. Whos sleeping with whom, modes of reproduction, evolution or the last common ancestor are all important in different contexts. They may be useful to help explain anomalies and can influence interpretation, but they are rarely answers to issues of control or intervention. Understanding how diverse a population is or the degree of difference between populations combined with good study design will contribute directly to determining the impact of control measures, host or parasite demographics, resistance, risk and resilience or fragility of the population. The field of population genetics depends heavily on mathematical analyses, some simple and some very sophisticated, to answer these questions. Mathematical treatments of all of the indices and statistics of differentiation and diversity can be easily obtained from textbooks or publications and will not be included here. Fortunately for the mathematically challenged, many open source, individual computer programs are available as well as modules in R. The risk that goes with all readymade programs is a failure to understand what is being asked or the assumptions and limitations of the approach being taken. A list of some frequently used programs is provided at the end of this chapter (Table 5.1). POPULATIN DIFFERENTIATION FST, GST, GST: In addition to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, populations can be further differentiated by other statistical tests.   This is a family of statistics developed as the fixation index (FST) in the 1950s by Sewell Wright and Gustave Malà ©cot to describe the likelihood of homozygosity (fixation in the terminology of the time) at a single diallelic locus based on heterozygosity of a subpopulation compared to the total population. Theoretically, values should range from 1 (no similarity-every individual is genotypically different) to 0 (identity-every individual is genotypically same). Nei (16) extended the FST to handle the case of more than two alleles and developed the GST[LR1]. Although the term FST is often used in the literature, formally most studies today will employ the GST. When highly polymorphic loci, such as microsatellites, are genotyped, the GST severely underestimates differentiation and will not range from 0 1. Hedrick (11) adjusted the range of va lues for the GST by dividing it by its maximum possible value given the markers used. This is the GST. The GST makes possible the full range of differentiation. FST and GST relate to inherent properties of populations and contain evolutionary information lost by the GST transformation. FST-like measures have been and continue to be widely used to describe population structure, and their characteristics and behavior are well-known. There are additional related statistics (e. g. à Ã¢â‚¬  ST (4), AMOVA, RST (20), ÃŽÂ ¸ (25)), that address other aspects of differing genetic models, unequal sample sizes, accounting for haploid genomes, mechanism of mutation and selection. D. [LR2]This is sometimes referred to as Josts D, since there are numerous other Ds related to genetics and statistics. There can be logical inconsistencies for estimating differentiation based directly on heterozygosity. Ratios of pooled subpopulation to total population diversities tend toward zero when the subpopulation diversity is high (12). Josts D is based on the effective allele number (see below). Unlike those based directly on heterozygosity, it has the property of yielding a linear response to changes in allele frequencies and is independent of subpopulation diversity. Unlike FST, GST and similar indices, Josts D does not carry information relevant to the evolutionary processes responsible for the present composition of a subpopulation. It is described by supporters and detractors as purely a measure of differentiation (26). It was never meant to do more. Whitlock provides one of the best comparisons of these 2 approaches: This (Josts) D differs from FST in a fundamental definitional way: FST measures deviations from panmixia[2], while D measures deviations from total differentiation. As a result, their denominators differ, and thus, the two indices can behave quite differently. D indicates the proportion of allelic diversity that lies among populations, while FST is proportional to the variance of allele frequency among populations. D is more related to the genetic distance between populations than to the variance in allele frequencies; it may be preferable to call D a genetic distance measure (26). There has been controversy about the use of these different types of indices. There should not be. They clearly address different questions and resolve different analytic problems. It should be recognized that the GST and Josts D yield fairly similar results when the number of populations is small and the markers have a small number of alleles. The GST and Josts D have given similar results in our own studies using microsatellites (2) and in simulation (26) with GST values slightly higher than those of Josts D. Some authors recommend calculating both GST and Josts D, in part to satisfy everyone and in part to obtain the useful information about population diversity their departure may provide. In relation to public health, most questions about parasites and vectors deal with near term events of DIVERSITY Diversity like differentiation has myriad formulations and interpretations. The simplest expression is mean heterozygosity (H). For microsatellite data this is usually high due to the intrinsically high mutation rate of these markers, and markers with higher variability are usually selected. Allelic richness (Ar) is simply a count of the number of alleles at each locus. Differences in sample size will necessarily result in differences in allele number. This is usually adjusted for by statistical methods such as rarefaction (15) to standardize sample sizes between comparison groups. The effective allele number (Ae) is also a measure of diversity, but is already adjusted for sample size. It represents the number of alleles with equal frequencies that will produce the same heterozygosity as that of the target population. The most informative measure of diversity is the effective population size (Ne), a concept also introduced by Sewell Wright. It is designed to address the essential reason that diversity is important, namely, it reflects the strength of genetic drift. Genetic drift is the effect of random transmission of alleles during reproduction to succeeding generations. When numbers of reproducing individuals are small, the genetic composition of the population of offspring can differ by chance from what is expected given the composition of the parents. If two coins are flipped, it would not be that unusual for both to come up heads. If a thousand coins are flipped, the ratio of heads to tails will always be very near the expected 50:50 ratio. Genetic drift is stronger when populations are small or reduced, and weakens the strength of adaptive selection. Like differentiation, there are several formulations for Ne that can provide different values and are designed to measure different aspects of the population. The breeding Ne is the probability of identity by descent for two alleles chosen at random. It is a retrospective assessment of population diversity. The variance Ne assesses the variance of the offsprings allele frequency, and is thus forward looking. It measures recent population changes that affect its genetic composition. Ne can represent the number of actively breeding individuals in the population or the number of individuals in an ideal population needed to reconstitute the diversity in an actual population. It is almost always less than the census population (Nc). It is a key value in conservation genetics and population genetics in general, since it reflects the history and future potential of a population. Increasing drift (decreasing Ne) tends to neutralize the force of directional selection, permits retention of del eterious mutations and hampers the ability of populations to adapt to stresses (9). Despite its importance, Ne can be difficult to estimate in wild populations due to uncertainties of the demographic, genetic and biological context (17, 24). It can be affected by sample size, overlapping generations, sampling interval, sex ratios, gene flow, age-structure, variation in family size, fluctuating population size or selection. Increasing the numbers of markers is less important than large samples for accurate estimates; as much as 10% of the Ne has been recommended [Palstra, 2008 #84]. Its interpretation can also be uncertain. Estimated Ne has been used as an aid in predicting extinction using the concept of a minimum viable population size. Some have suggested that at an Ne of 50-500 a population will experience extinction in the short- or long-run (7). Others have argued that this might occur at Ne = 5000 (14). While it is clear that lack of diversity has an impact on extinction (21), it is also clear that there cannot be a universally accepted number for the minimum viable population size (6, 23). In any case, theory suggests that there is a number defined by the amount of genetic drift below which populations are likely to go extinct on their own. The range for this number is context-specific and will require multiple species-specific studies under multiple conditions. This kind of analysis might contribute to developing a stopping rule as control measures approach elimination.         Ã‚   [1] Leptospira spp. are an exception with 2 circular chromosomes. [2] The condition where all individuals have an equal opportunity to reproduce with all other individuals [LR1]G? [LR2]Does it stand for something?

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Introduction                   Ahmed and Vanessa have interest in locating a treasure, which is buried. It is my responsibility to help the two locate it. First, I will help them locate it by the use of Pythagorean quadratic. As per Ahmed’s half, the treasure is buried in the desert (2x + 6) paces form the Castle Rock while as per Vanessa’s half she has to walk (x) paces to the north then walk (2x + 4) paces to the east. According to the Pythagorean theorem, every right angled triangle with length (a) and (b) as well as a hypotenuse (c), has a relationship of (a2 + b2 = c2) (Larson & Hostetler, 2009).                   In Ahmed and Vanessa’s case, I will let a=x, b =2x+4 and then c=2x+6. To follow, will be my efforts to put the measurements above into the real Pythagoras theorem equation as follows: X2+ (2x+4)2=(2x+6)2 this is the equation formed out of the Pythagoras Theorem X2+4Ãâ€"2+16x+16 = 4Ãâ€"2+ 24x+36 are the binomials squared x2 & 4Ãâ€"2 on both sides can be subtracted out. X2+16x+16 = 24x +36 subtract 16x from both sides X2+16 = 8x+36 now subtract 36 from both sides X2-20 = 8x X2-8x-20=0 I will use to solve the function by factoring using the zero factor. (x-) (x+) the coefficient of x2 Application and selection from the following (-2, 10: -10,2: -5,4; -4, -5) In this case, it seems that I am going to use -10 and 2 is as per how the expression looks like this (x-10)(x+2)=0 X-10=0 or x+2=0 creation of a complex equation x=10 or x=-2 these are the two probable resolutions to this equation.                   One of the two calculated solutions is an extraneous solutions, as it do not work with such sceneries. The remaining solution I only have is (X=10) as the number of paces Ahmed and Vanessa have to accomplish to find the lost treasure. As a result the treasure is 10 paces to the north 2x+4 connect the 10, now its 2(10)+4=24 paces to the east of Castle Rock, or 2x+6= 2(10)+6=26 paces from Castle Rock. Financial polynomial                   For the case of financial polynomials, I have first to write the polynomial without the parenthesis. Following the above, I have to solve for p= 2000 + r = 10% for part A and then solve for p= $5670 + r = 3.5% for part B, without the parenthesis as follows: P + P r + P r2/4 (the original polynomial) to reach this I followed the following steps: (1 + r/2)2 This is because it looks as if it is foil P(1 + r/2) P (1+r/2)(1+r/2) After the two equations I combine like terms. Because I am multiplying by 2 on r/2, it cancels out both 2’s and I then get left with is r as follows; P(1+ r/2 + r/2 + r2/4) P(1 + 2(r/2) + r2/4) I then write in descending order (P + Pr + Pr2) To solve for P=2000 and r=10% the following follows; P + Pr + Pr2/4 2000 + 2000 Ãâ€"(0.10) +2000Ãâ€" 0.1024 2000 + 200 + 5 = $2205 P(1+ r/2)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1 + .10)2 2000Ãâ€"(1.05)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1.1025) = $2205 For part B I will solve for P=5670 and r= 3.5% P + Pr + P Ãâ€"(r2/4) 5670 + 5670Ãâ€" (0.035) + 5670 Ãâ€" 0.0352 5670 + 198.45 + 1.7364375 = 5870.1864375 This is approximately ($5870.19) The problem 70 on page 311 has the following steps; (-9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x) à · (-3x) The Dividend is (-9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). The Dividend is (-9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). -9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x -3xAfter I divide -9 by -3 which equals +3. The x on the bottom cancels the x from the top. -9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -9* x*x* x I am now left with 3Ãâ€"2 for the first part of the polynomial. -3 * x -9*x *x * x -3 * x I first divide 3 by -3, which equals -1 and the x from the bottom cancels out one of the x’s from the top. -9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x -3x -3x -3x 3 *x *x At this point I am left with -1x, which simplifies to just –x, as the second part of the polynomial. Then -3 *x 3 *x * x -3 * x Then I divide -15 by -3, which equals positive 5, and the x on the bottom cancels out the x on the top, so you do not have any x’s to carry onto the answer of the equation. -9Ãâ€"3 + 3Ãâ€"2 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -15 *x At this point I am left with only 5 for the last part of the polynomial, and the answer is 3Ãâ€"2 – x + 5. -3 * x -15 * x -3 * x                   The negative sign from the -3 x changes the plus sign in the equation to a minus sign, it changes the minus sign to a plus sign in the final answer, and the equation is in Descending order. Reference Larson, R., & Hostetler, R. P. (2009). Elementary and intermediate algebra. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Source document

Americans Against Americans Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 852 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The civil war was a major point in American history. It was the breaking point of the United States of America and determined the future of America. Imagine the Union army not winning the American Civil War, where would America be today? Understanding the causes that led to the Civil War and the outcome it had on the people of America at the time. The most crucial issue that led to the civil war was the moral ethics of slavery. There are many reasons why a civil war started in America. Uncle Toms Cabin was a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. This book was a response to the Fugitive Slave Act. The act bounty hunters to capture runaway slaves and return them to their owner; anyone who tired to help the slave escape will be lawful convicted (?Fugitive Slave Act np). Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin to talk about the horrors of slavery and help the people of the North understand what happens to slaves in the South. The South showed animosity towards the book and believed it was a misrepresentation of slavery. Bleeding Kansas. Some call Bleeding Kansas a smaller civil war because of the many battles fought and the number of causalities before the actual civil war. Anti-slavery and proslavery fought over the land of Kansas. The reason for this was because of the equal amount of slave states and free states. Kansas was a new piece of territory and needed to be claimed through popular sovereignty stated in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (Uncle Toms Cabin np). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Americans Against Americans: Civil War" essay for you Create order One day, a proslavery mob attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas, destroying a hotel and news press in hopes to silence the abolonist movement. In retaliation, an antislavery mob led by John Brown came back days later and a brutal massacre happened known as the Pottawatomie Massacre (Pottawatomie Massacre np). After battles and many casualties, Kansas became a free state due to popular sovereignty. One very important Supreme Court cases was Dred Scott v. Sanford of 1857. Dred Scott was a slave that traveled to a free state with his owner. Dred Scott sued for his freedom based on the terms of the North-west Ordinance and the Missouri Compromise. The final ruling of the case was that Africans or African-American descents could not sue the federal government because they are not citizens but property (McBride 2006). The owners rights to his property were upheld by the Fifth Amendment. During these times, the Republican party began to grow. Antislavery and proslavery was a big deal within politics and it ultimately ended up dividing the Democrats and Whigs because of the different views on slavery. This is how the Republican party was able to grow. The new party consisted of Antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free-Soilers and the main goal was to slow the spread of slavery, but not end slavery (Republican Party 2018). The tensions grew as antislavery and proslavery was coming to a breaking point for the country. John Brown was an abolitionist, but he was an extremist. In a raid, he attempted to capture the Harpers Ferry (a federal arsenal). His mastermind plan was to arm slaves with weapons and create a free black state as a place slaves can escape to. Browns plan did not go as planned and he was forced to surround by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Brown was found guilty and executed, but this incident empowered abolitionists across the country. The Election of 1860 was split between four different candidates. The Democrat party was split between John Breckinridge and Stephen A. Douglas. Abraham Lincoln was the chosen candidate for the Republican party and an additional candidate was chosen by the Constitutional Union, John Bell. Lincoln won the election with no Southern electoral votes and 60% of the nation voted against him, but he won the electoral vote 180 to 123. The vote was split drastically due to the split in the Democrat party. The South was not happy about Lincoln winning the presidential election and started to secede from the United States. The southern states began to secede one by one and eventually all becoming apart of the Confederate States of America. Lincoln had not yet taken office at the time of the session and he couldnt do anything about it. President Buchanan refused to do anything about it. After Lincoln took office in 1861, he informed South Carolina that he would have provision over the federal fort of Fort Sumter. Of course, South Carolina did not like this. South Carolina opened fire on Fort Sumter and fought for 34 hours until surrender ing with no casualties. This battle was the start to a long treacherous war. The civil war was a big tension putting Americans against Americans. The victory of the Union Army changed the course of America forever. Even though there are still many struggles today dealing with race and ethnicity it couldve been worse without the victory of a Union Army. I believe it is morally wrong to own another human being as property. The war was started on whether it was right to own a human being and force them to do work.

Musical Modernism with Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky...

Musical modernism can be seen as the time where music emerges its liberty from Romantic era style -that started in the late nineteen century to end of the Second World War- and gains new ideas and freedom. With the political turmoil and chaos that took over the European countries, -that lured countries into the First World War- composers and artists started to find, create more and new ways to express themselves. They eagerly began to discover the art of Eastern countries with the hope of finding new ways of expression. The changes in tonality, irregular rhythms, tone clusters, distressed and antagonistic melodies, the expressionist, abstract, unusual ideas over powers the music, the traditional structures recreated or composed with†¦show more content†¦With his first piano lessons, his teachers discovered his unusual talent of ‘playing out of the boundaries.’ After his dream, becoming a piano virtuoso sink, he leaned more on to his composing skills. At 1889, he attended the Paris International Exposition, where he discovered the wondrous colours of Asian music that picked up his interest. He was also fascinated by the pieces composed by the Russian composers Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin, therefore he was lured in to the folk music of Russia soon after. In later years following his graduation, after composing his ‘Suite Bergamasque’ for piano, he found himself in the impressionist art movement with fellow composers -like Maurice Ravel- because of the link French music had with the paintings of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Van Gogh and other modern, like-minded artists, even though he stated that he never felt connected to the movement with the words, â€Å"Im trying to write something else – realities, in a manner of speaking – what imbeciles call impressionism, a term employed with the utmost accuracy, especially by art critics who use it as a label to stick on Turner, the finest creator of mystery in the whole of art!† Claude Debussy Against his wishes his compositions are often described asShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Enlightenment : Classical, Romantic, And Modern1023 Words   |  5 Pageshas transformed and evolved from style to style with numerous contributions by many composers and musicians that have dedicated their lives to changing the music world. We saw huge changes in styles between each musical era. From 1750 until the present day, there have been three major musical eras: classical, romantic, and modern. All three of these eras have brought new and innovative ideas to the world, but they are all drastically different stylistically, philosophically, and musically. The classical